Poverty in New Mexico Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Poverty in New Mexico - Research Paper Example A recent USDA report says that 28% of the New Mexico population does not has access to medical insurance and are extremely vulnerable in case of ill-health (TVC grant county). Poverty is more prevalent in the rural areas, although it by no means spares the urban centers of the state. How did such massive poverty engulf the state of New Mexico? In this research paper we will analyze some of the historical and cultural reasons which have been responsible for high poverty rates in this state. In the last session we will analyze some solutions which can be implemented in order to ensure that the poverty levels decline in the state and people are able to sustain them. Historical & Cultural reasons for poverty Poverty in New Mexico is not a recent phenomenon. It has always been neglected by all its rulers. In this section we analyze the reasons for this historical neglect of the state of New Mexico.... These three cities were the gateway to the north for the Spaniards. The first gateway city was El Paso, Texas which was part of a fertile river valley and the lowest pass across the Rocky Mountains. The other gateway cities were Matamoros on the eastern edge and San Diego on the western edge (Roberts, Calvin A. Roberts and Chilton). The setting up of these cities led to the establishment of a North-South trade route, ignoring the east-west route at the expense of New Mexico region. As the New Mexican region was far away from Spanish seat of power, the development focused only on these three cities and the large hinterland of Arizona and New Mexico was ignored. After the independence of Mexico, the Mexican government continued the trend and focused only on the north south trade route; thus leading to the further growth of these cities .This caused prosperity in Texas and California while New Mexico and Arizona suffered from neglect (Roberts, Calvin A. Roberts and Chilton). Apache Raid s It is not that no exploration was made by the Spaniards or the Mexicans in to the territory of New Mexico .Coronado made a famous exploration in 1540 through Northern Mexico. However all the settlers in this area had to face raids by the Apache Indians? These regular raids made it difficult to set up roads and communication in the area. The explorer’s also did not find enough gold or other minerals here which will make economic sense to fight these raids. The Apache Indian were terrified of foreigners since the Spanish took them into slave trade and thus worked overtime to drive away settlers and development from the New Mexican region (Lund). Harsh Terrain The harsh and rough terrain of New Mexico and the absence of an east-west road system frustrated the

Australia Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Australia - Movie Review Example It also shows the conflict between the aboriginals and the Europeans. So the movie has been acted in the right country so as to portray the Australians character. In the movie Australia, the cultural landscape portrays very old houses, which have been traditionally built. Most of the houses been build using mud, and this makes the movie look like a traditional movie which was shot long time ago. There is the existence of ranches, which keep large head of cattle implying that the movie must have been shot to represent how the Australians lived a long time ago. The movie takes place in the Australia this is because of the physical appearance of the landscape. Australia is a country, which is known to having a very rugged landscape which is very mountainous. The tribunal Aborigine is a traditional culture which is used in the movie and was highly associated with the country of Australia. This serves as evidence that the movie was shot in the country of Australia. The movie also shows Nullah as an aboriginal child of a mixed race. Other products such as Scarlett and Rhett were also other products which were associated with the same country. The movie wants to show how the Australians lived long before. It also shows the lifestyle that they were living in which includes inheriting of property because the cows Maitland has were gained through inheritance. The beginning of the second world is also reflected in the movie. The culture is unfolded using artifacts, sociafacts and mentifacts. Some of the artifacts used are traditionally built houses, station sheds, white painted rocks tennis court and white painted rocks. This shows that the people of Australia relied mostly on traditionally built houses. There is a safe place set for the mission children, traditional dances; there is a school and highly ranked leaders this acts as a sociofacts in the movie. It shows that there were most protected missions

The Understanding Of Knowledge Influence Human Resource Development Education Essay

The Understanding Of Knowledge Influence Human Resource Development Education Essay The importance of interpretive sociology is renowned in this Anne Fearfulls piece of research. Clerical skill and knowledge, and the role of the clerical function within five organisations are explored using qualitative research, mainly in-depth interviews. The study also focuses on the concept of common sense in order for clerks to become efficient or effective in their work. Moreover, in her study, Fearfull concluded that the skills and knowledge of the clerks can easily play an important role with regards to the success of a particular organisation. Additionally, interpretive methodology serves to create new perceptivity in the investigation of skills and knowledge amongst the workforce. Such research aims at the discovery of more opportunities. How might the understanding of knowledge as proposed by Fearfull (2005) influence human resource development policies? Various features constitute human resource development, including training, performance management and career growth. These attributes aim at the development of the employees knowledge. Organisations should understand what knowledge is needed in order to be easily explained to their workforce. In Fearfulls research, the difference between the experienced (older) and the inexperienced (younger) clerks, is remarked. As a human resource development policy, organisations can explore the possibility of engaging more experienced employees in delivering the training programmes to the newly recruited and less experienced employees. This can take the form of job mentoring whereby new and/or less experienced employees absorb knowledge from the experienced ones in order to have greater opportunities at succeeding in their position. Research indicates that when newly employees experience mentor relationships, they are more likely to be retained and immersed more quickly into the organisations cu lture. By this type of relationship, the mentor also benefits since it provides the opportunity to re-evaluate his/her skills and knowledge and provide areas for improving them. Provide a brief example which demonstrates your understanding of the key points outlined in the article. Throughout my University life, I had been engaged in various practicum placements as part of my undergraduate course. These placements have helped me to acquire knowledge through hands-on experience, understanding theories through practice. Additionally, during my first weeks of my employment, I had been engaged in an induction programme, whereby experienced employees provided training to the new recruits, including myself. I had the opportunity to become more knowledgeable of the organisations procedures and acquire the skills needed to function effectively in my new post. Despite this, the induction programme did not aid in accelerating the process of getting to know the underlying procedures which established employees employ in the day to day running of the service. Such procedures may be viewed as becoming part of the jobs common sense reasoning, which employees acquire after a considerate amount of time in the post. This was something that I have learnt by time. But this problem had been solved by having a mentor in the first four months of my employment. I consider myself as very lucky since my mentor invested trust in my abilities and was always available when needed. This was a truly learning experience whereby knowledge and work skills have been transferred from an employee who had already lived through the same experience. Lastly, I believe that the secret of the organisations success is the total and unwavering dedication of every worker, from the lowest to the highest designations. Accomplishment is the result of a collective effort from each and every employee. Reflective statement on the use of Blackboard: This is my first time I ever used Blackboard as a means of virtual learning environment. To be honest, I have never heard of it prior commencing my studies with the University of Leicester. In fact, I even had to perform some research before writing this reflective note on the use of Blackboard. At first, I thought it was quite a complicated tool but after spending some time navigating, my views on the software have changed completely. Blackboard is a system whereby students find useful resources about different subjects (depending on the course one is reading). It offers an excellent alternative to the traditional school / University classroom-based method of learning. Students can have the opportunity of sharing their ideas on a particular subject and even posting assignments and other useful resources online. Although Blackboard might be seen from some people as a means of killing face-to-face interactions, I am quite sure that when using Blackboard, it is going to turn out as a positive experience. Lastly, by looking and analysing at what my other colleagues have posted on Blackboard, I am indirectly increasing my knowledge and level of understanding about the subject. I strongly believe that everybodys effort and input is relevant since a broad subject like Human Resources is a not a topic that entails a one-good answer. AWS Portfolio Exercise 2 Identify one key argument that Garavan makes. In no more than 500 words, summarise the main argument and critically evaluate the respective strengths and weaknesses of this argument. One of the main arguments identified by Garavan (1997) in his article Training, Development, Education and Learning: Different or the Same? is that training, development, and education should be integrated together by the concept of learning. This implies that the three components are all involved in the process of learning and complement each other to better the human potential or talent (1997: 42). Although the four concepts represent different meanings, they all can be incorporated together resulting in a more competitive and efficient organisation. From a human resource development perception, the relationship between the four may be considered as largely related, with each component facilitating the other (Garavan et al, 1995). Work and education are no longer separated as were in the previous years. A more integrated model (Garavan, 1997: 47) is needed to the process of knowledge expansion amongst employees. This process should continuously be practiced as it will enhance the effectiveness of the organisation. By training employees, both the trainees and the organisation will benefit and research has shown that trained employees have a higher retention rate in a particular organisation (Umiker, 1994). Garavan (1997) also argues that the concept of management education is an important stage in an employees career (1997: 48), entailing an opportunity to test understanding and organise knowledge in a competing environment (Association of Management of MBA/MMS Institutes, 2009). The above goes hand in hand with the concept of talent management which in my opinion is an important aspect of human resource management. It refers to the employees skills and knowledge which ultimately drive their business success. Various resources, including training opportunities, offering competitive salaries, and being able to attract and recruit qualified staff, helping employees achieve their full potential. Investing knowledge, development and education amongst employees, is a way of putting an organisation into a more competitive environment and its chances of survival are quite higher than the others organisations. This is the reason why talent management is becoming an important feature in the strategic plan of an organisation. Thus, these three integrated concepts of learning are vital in an organisation because employees are giving the chance to advance in their future and career. They all motivate employees to be more efficient and more creative so that the organisation will in return provide them with a better salary and more skills. These concepts can also provide a range of challenges to a particular organisation. Such challenges include: If training is given in a short period of time (lets say in the beginning of his/her employment), the employee can be overwhelmed with lots of information. This challenge can be overcome if organisations provide training and development opportunities throughout the employees careers and not only during the first phase of their employment. The possibility that the employee leaves the organisation to a better or more exciting workplace, after the organisation invests so hard on the development, education and training of the employee. Successful organisation depends on the level of support given at all levels and its exposure of shared knowledge and information amongst all employees (Nayab, 2010). Lastly, training, development and education increase knowledge, skills and abilities in each employee. In order to avoid having the situation of no talented employees within a particular organisation, training, education and development must work together and be more involved in the strategic plan of the organisation. The three components together act as strategic partners aiming towards the organisations success (Kustoff, 2011). Bibliography Garavan, T. N. (1997) Training, Development, Education and Learning: Different or the Same?, in CLMS (2011) MSc in Human Resource Management and Training. Reading 103. Garavan, T. N., Costine, P. and Heraty, N. (1995) Training Development in Ireland: Context, Policy and Practice. Dublin: Oak Tree Press. Kustoff, R. (n.d.) The New Learning Paradigm. Self Improvement Inc.: Morganville [Online]. Available: http://www.selfgrowth.com/articles/The_New_Learning_Paradigm.html [2011, February 9]. Nayab, N. (2010) An Overview of HR Talent Management. Bright Hub Inc.: New York [Online]. Available: http://www.brighthub.com/office/human-resources/articles/96352.aspx [2011, February 9]. Umiker, W. O. (1994) Does Training Increase Employee Retention? [Online]. Available: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3230/is_n4_v26/ai_15410797/ [2011, February 9]. AWS Portfolio Exercise 3 In no more than 500 words, analyse the relationship between the process of learning and the role of the trainer, making specific reference to the three readings listed above. Over the years, many people have examined the way people learn. This has resulted in the formation of various theories in which different views on the learning process have been developed. The readings pertaining to this exercise entail different approaches towards the process of learning. Lave and Wenger, as cited in Guile and Youngs (1998) remark learning in a socially manner whereby knowledge is transferred amongst a group of people working together rather individually. This type of learning, known as situated learning, constitutes a multidirectional approach (rather unidirectional) whereby the apprentice (trainer) is engaged in a web of relationships amongst the other colleagues rather than with his/her trainer only. They coined the term community of practice whereby all people share their knowledge by contributing ideas and information, and by helping each other out (Smith, 2003, 2009). This contrasts with the behaviourists theory on the process of learning. As noted in Tennants reading on Behaviourism, the trainer takes all the control during the learning process, while the trainees have little or no control over the process. Their simple notion is that if a positive reinforcement follows a desired behaviour, the latter is most likely to happen again. This type of reinforcement, or rewards, motivate the learner to continue with that kind of behaviour. This will consequently increase the process of learning within individuals. Additionally, negative reinforcement will give the same results, whereby negative situations are ceased as an effect of the behaviour. Punishment will occur because a negative situation is experienced as a result of the behaviour. Therefore, unlike in the community of practices, motivation occurs only as a result of rewards rather than for a self-wish for learning (Ford, 2009). Lave and Wengers work has been built on Vygotskys zone of proximal development in which an individual performs a task under adult supervision and through the support of his peers. Therefore, learning here is seen as a symbiotic experience for both the learner and his/her tutor whilst in behaviourism, the learner determines his/her behaviour on the reinforcements provided by his/her trainer. Therefore in the behaviourists approach, the trainer models the behaviour of the trainer rather easing the learning process. Khoon and Jewson (1995), in their research paper Changing Hearts and Minds: Training Programmes for Mid-Career Workers in Singapore suggested four stages in the development of learning process / training programmes by using the learning-centred approach. The findings of their research imply that motivation did not occur within the first stage but is built gradually within the four stages. In fact, no motivation exists amongst people during the first stage (withdrawal) whereby people in an organisation do not treat training programmes as a solution to their problems and difficulties. As a result, the main task of the trainers here is that of convincing employees by changing their ideas on their perception of training. This stage will then lead to the awareness phase in which people start to recognise training as a potential source of help (Khoon and Jewson, 1995). In the second stage motivation is built and people have been convinced to attend training. Norming is the next stage that follows. Here the trainees understand the fact that learning is the only option to enhance their problem-solving skills and therefore training is now seen as a privilege rather than a punishment. The final stage implies participation whereby people participate fully in the training process without the fear of failing. It is only at this stage where the dispositional barriers are fully conquered. Furthermore, like in the community of practice, in this stage, people feel that the learning programme is relevant to them. Lastly, in both situated learning and learning-centred approach, the role of the trainer is more that of facilitating learning by providing support. This will eventually encourage trainees to participate in training programmes and take the initiative of entering into such programmes themselves. Bibliography Dunn, L. (2000) Theories of Learning. Oxford Brookes University: Oxford [Online]. Available http://www.brookes.ac.uk/services/ocsd/2_learntch/theories.html [2011, February 12] Ford, P. (2009) Behavioural Approach [Online]. Available http://paulford.com/behavioural-approach-to-learning/ [2011, February 12] Guile, D. and Young, M. (1998) Apprenticeship as a Conceptual Basis for a Social Theory of Learning, in CLMS (2011) MSc in Human Resource Management and Training. Reading 115. Khoon, H. C. and Jewson, N. (1995) Changing Hearts and Minds: Training Programmes for Mid-Career Workers in Singapore, in CLMS (2011) Msc in Human Resource Management and Training. Reading 120. Smith, M. K. (2009) Communities of Practice. Infed: London [Online]. Available http://www.infed.org/biblio/communities_of_practice.htm [2011, February 11] Standridge, M. (2002) Behaviorism [Online]. Available http://projects.coe.uga.edu/epltt/index.php?title=Behaviorism [2011, February 11] Tennant, M. (2006) Behaviourism, in CLMS (2011) MSc in Human Resource Management and Training. Reading 104. AWS Portfolio Exercise 4 Cognitive theory is more relevant to the trainer in the modern workplace than behaviourist theory. To what extent do you agree with this statement? A possible plan. Introduction Points: Both cognitive and behaviourist theories are feasible learning theories. Although many believe that the former has surpassed the latter in its dominancy, it can be argued that both theories are still valid nowadays. Throughout the essay, an overview of what constitute both theories will be provided, and then share any similarities between the two. Subsequently, this essay will provide the reader with another theory, cognitive-behaviourism, which in a nutshell, is a combination of both theories underlying a comprehensive interaction between thoughts and behaviours. The main thrust of the argument presented in this essay is that trainers in modern workplaces shall use the cognitive-behaviourist theories with regards to training of employees. Body Points: What does cognitive theory say about learning theory? Learning occurs within the mind; Trainee learns by listening, watching, touching, reading, or experiencing and then processing and remembering the information (ThinkQuest, n.d.); Provide meaning to knowledge; How people understand material. What does behaviourist theory say about learning theory? Learning is seen as the acquisition of new behaviours; Learning results from pleasant or unpleasant experiences in life (Bailey, 2011); Observable behaviours produced by a learners response to stimuli (positive and negative) (Michigan State University, n.d.); For example, if a positive reinforcement follows a desired behaviour, the latter is most likely to happen again; This type of reinforcement, or rewards, motivate the learner to continue with that kind of behaviour; This will consequently increase the process of learning within individuals. Learn to (Behaviourist) vs. Learn that (Cognitive). Are there any similarities between the two theories? Yes. In a nutshell, they both agree that: Experience impacts learning; Learning theories should be objective and based on empirical based research. Were the two theories relevant someday or another? What about today? What does literature tell about their relevancy? Can the trainer use both methods? Cognitive-Behaviourism Theory Blending both theories together entails having a persons faulty thinking and behaviours changed through education and reinforcements. Such techniques foster more adaptive ways for the trainee to cope (Grohol, 2004); Feeling based learning theories; Responses are based on continuous interactions between out feelings, thinking and behaviours. I believe that trainers can apply both theories in the modern workplace if they are implemented correctly and competently. How? Bibliography Bailey, L. (2010) Cognitive and Behavioral Learning Theories [Online]. Available http://ezinearticles.com/?Cognitive-and-Behavioral-Learning-Theoriesid=3633960 [2011, February 13]. Grohol, J. M. (2004) Types of Therapies: Theoretical Orientations and Practices of Therapists. Psych Central: Newburyport [Online]. Available http://psychcentral.com/therapy.htm [2011, February 13]. Purcell, L. (n.d.) Behaviorism: Learning Theory [Online]. Available https://www.msu.edu/~purcelll/behaviorism%20theory.htm [2011, February 13]. ThinkQuest Team (n.d.) Cognitive Processes [Online]. Available http://library.thinkquest.org/26618/en-5.5.3=cognitive%20learning.htm [2011, February 13]. AWS Portfolio Exercise 5 For each extract, please provide your view in response to the following: Evaluate the style and expression. Are there any problems with it? Does it have any particular strengths? Extract 1: In my belief, the author of this extract failed to provide the reader with the basic accounts of the key concepts of Skinners work. Instead s/he criticise Skinners work by only providing the reader with a number of limitations. This also suggests that the author did not provide an analytical discussion of Skinners theories in comparison with his/her own arguments. Citing other peoples views could have helped the author to back up his/her arguments. Also, the author used a numeric list while mentioning a number of limitations in his assignment. This style is normally used when presenting facts and not when suggesting the writers own ideas. The latter in my opinion could have easily been explained better using more detailed paragraphs on each limitation. Furthermore, the author failed to adopt a third person approach in the assignment, leaving a more judgmental approach on the issues being tackled. This also suggests that the writers expressed opinions are not analysed in a balanced manner. Besides this, the author failed to use precise academic language with over-lengthy sentences and incorrect construction of sentences. A positive strength about this extract is the use of questions, which when used rightly, are aimed to attract the attention of the readers. Extract 2: The author in this citation, is picturing the audience in an excellent manner. S/he is not assuming that the reader has a prior knowledge on the subject. In fact, arguments are well defined and issues are discussed clearly and logically. Unlike the first extract, evidence is provided in regards to the statements that the author made. The style of writing is very clear and concise with an excellent flow of discussion that amalgamates the various issues surrounding the topic. Moreover, the author avoided the use of the first person when writing sentences and therefore expressing ideas in a very balanced way. One problem that I encountered while reading this extract was the use of over-lengthy sentences and colloquial expressions. The last sentence is a case in point, where it could have been simplified by using shorter and simpler sentences. Extract 3: The author of this extract used a personal account as an introductory and explanatory statement in order to support the answer of the question. On the other hand, although there is nothing wrong with personal experiences, the author should pay extra attention in order not to become carried away and loses the point of the question. As a general rule, personal reminiscences are not appropriate in the construction of academic assignments as the focus of the question can easily be shifted. However, in my opinion, I do not see anything wrong with this unless it is within the remit of the subject in caption, and used only as a preamble in an assignment. Lastly, in the body of the assignment, the author should offer discussions based on the various relevant sources about the subject being discussed. AWS Portfolio Exercise 6 Please provide a summary of a reading of your choice from the readings in your first module. Name of article: Learning from others at work: Communities of practice and informal learning Authors: David Boud and Heather Middleton Summary: Informal learning is not normally attributed in most organisations although some efforts are now being made to take account of it. In fact, this research paper aims to investigate the way employees learn from each other at their place of work. The researcher engages him/herself in work-site interviews with various employees within a particular organisation. The questions asked sought to find suitable ways of learning strategies amongst the workgroups. Moreover, the results of this study have been compared with Lave and Wengers concept of communities of practice, which is highly linked with informal learning at work. Four different groups were interviewed in order to investigate their learning practices within their own units. The first group (teachers of floor and wall tiling) have been working together for the last ten years. The head teachers role in this group is quite notable in the learning process amongst the other teachers. Information is passed on orally during unofficial meetings and also by emphasising significant sections of different articles and passes them on to his colleagues. Furthermore, members of this group act as a learning source for each other. The second group (educational planners) deals with quite sensitive issues within the organisation and their method of learning involves the contribution of experiences and collective knowledge. Colleagues are nominated to act as the central sources for information amongst their faculties. Similar to the first group, the leader of this newly integrated group act as a source of feedback and assistance on the performance of his/her colleagues. The next group forms part of the Human Resources Department of the organisation. It consists of employees of different grades with a very strong teamwork spirit. Job learning occurs through the supervision of the junior staff by their senior personnel and again the team leader is a primary focus in dealing with the most complicated and unusual difficulties. Learning also takes place through informal gatherings and regular staff meetings. Informal learning also occurs when employees pertaining to this group are asked to act at a higher level whilst others are on leave. The last group (workplace training unit) is quite small in number and its members have a very close working relationship between each other. Again, employees learn from each other during informal meetings whereby experiences and new ideas are shared amongst each other. The experience of learning within this organisation is highly dependent on the nature of work amongst the different workgroups. Apart from this, there were some commonalities amongst various sections of the groups with the concept of communities of practice. No relationship between communities of practice and the workgroups themselves has been noted due to lack of common activities and differences of function amongst the employees. Lastly, learning from other colleagues (of the same level) is quite popular in the workgroups interviewed. This contributes to the concept of horizontal or sideways development and learning as developed by Engestrom (2001). Bibliography Boud, D. and Middleton, H. (2003) Learning from Others at Work: Communities of Practice and Informal Learning, Journal of Workplace Learning, 15(5): 194-202. Engestrà ¶m, Y. (2001) Expansive Learning at Work: Towards an Activity-Theoretical Conception, Journal of Education and Work, 14(1): 133-156. Lave, J. and Wenger, E. (1991) Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. AWS Portfolio Exercise 7 Correct any referencing errors in the extract and bibliography. You should edit the extract, correcting the referencing errors as you go, highlighting where you have done so. Lynda Measor and Patricia Sike Measor and Sike (1992) identify the influence of gender on pupils achievement in education. They examine pupils experience of gender role stereotyping in secondary school and how the expectations placed on them contribute to their success or failure. In particular, they suggest that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦schools prepare each sex for quite different styles of life, and that Girlsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦leave school unqualified or under-qualified for paid work in the labour market (Measor and Sike, (1992: PAGE NUMBER MISSING). They acknowledge that boys expectations of work are also affected by the roles they are expected to fulfil (Measor and Sike, 1992). Indeed, Adams (1996: PAGE NUMBER MISSING), studying the design of competencies for jobs, notes that there is also a difference in expectations of womens and mens behaviour at work, even when those men and women hold the same post (1996). Clearly then gender shapes expectations, thus affecting the outcome of education and training. However, whether gender is the dominant factor affecting learning outcomes is debatable. Research by Troyna and Hatcher (1992) and Mac an Ghaill (cited in CLMS, 2008) suggests that experience of racial and ethnic difference in schools has as strong an effect on educational outcome as gender. In one study black pupils responded to racism within education in different ways, some by rejecting the expectations placed on them and others by resisting the system but nevertheless achieving above-average results (AUTHOR/S SURNAME/S MISSING, 1988). Interestingly, both the studies on gender and those on race and ethnicity identify social class as having a fundamental effect on educational outcome. While gender and race can been seen as key barriers to achievement, the underlying mechanisms of social class create barriers to the advancement of both boys and girls of all races and ethnicities in the edu cation and training systems. For example, in Britain the remnants of a strongly divided social class system have an effect on education. CLMS summary of the work of Andy Furlong identifies factors such as, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦poverty, overcrowding, differences in values and attitudes towards education, teachers attitudesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and the type of jobs which are available locally (1995: PAGE NUMBER MISSING), all of which influence the outcome of education. Thus, while education in Britain is supposed to offer equal opportunities to all pupils, CLMS shows that these factors are all, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦associated with social class (1995: PAGE NUMBER MISSING). These social barriers to learning in the classroom translate to less training later in life. Statistics from a government survey published in 1989, which identified social class by income, showed that members of Social Class 1 (skilled, non-manual occupations) were twice as likely as those in Social Class 3 (manual workers) to report receiving training in the previous three years (Training Agency, 1989). Aaron Pun, who is interested in the current technological capacity to deliver training to widespread communities via open and distance education, adds to this debate by concluding that a lack of sensitivity to cultural differences can also create barriers to learning (Pun, 1995). He gives an example of Chinese managers, whose expectations of Management Development training were not met. Self-directed and participative training styles were used in a programme supplied by a Western trainer a lack of cultural sensitivity meant that expectations of a more didactic approach were not taken into account, creating a barrier to successful training. This point is emphasised by other researchers who note that some problems in training are caused by cultural differences in learning style. In conclusion, all of the cases above show that both cultural and social differences have an effect on learning, and that these influences must be taken into account in the design of training programmes.

Athenagoras Essay -- Christian Apologist Biography Bio

ATHENAGORAS Athenagoras was a Christian apologist who flourished in the second half of the second century CE. Two extant works, the Plea on Behalf of Christians and On the Resurrection of the Dead, have traditionally been attributed to him. HIS LIFE Athenagoras does not appear in the ecclesiastical histories of either Eusebius, Socrates, or Sozomen. Methodius (d. 311 CE) is the only ante-Nicene writer to mention Athenagoras; Methodius' From the Discourse on the Resurrection 1.7 refers to Athenagoras' Plea 24. The only other early witness to Athenagoras is Philip of Side, a deacon of Chrysostom, who lived during the fifth century. According to a fourteenth century codex, Philip wrote, "Athenagoras was the first to head the school in Alexandria. He flourished at the time of Hadrian and Antoninus, to both of whom he addressed his Plea on Behalf of Christians. He became a Christian while he wore the philosopher's cloak and was at the head of the Academy. Even before Celsus he was anxious to write against the Christians. ..." (Migne PG vi.182; English translation in Schoedel ix). These meager references comprise our entire biographical knowledge of Athenagoras, apart from the material found in his extant writings. The Arethas Codex (914 CE) and three other manuscripts contain the same introductory ascription: "A plea for Christians by Athenagoras the Athenian: philosopher and Christian. To the emperors Marcus Aurelius Antoninus and Lucius Aurelius Commodus, conquerors of Armenia and Sarmatia, and more than all, philosophers." Philip mentions that Athenagoras flourished during the time of Hadrian and Antoninus, but the Arethas introduction places him in the reigns of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus and Lucius Aurelius Commodus. Ph... ...e Fathers, vol. 2. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1954. Rauch, James L. "Greek Logic and Philosophy and the Problem of Authorship in Athenagoras." Ph.D diss., University of Chicago, 1961. Ruprecht, Louis A., Jr. "Athenagoras the Christian, Pausanius the Travel Guide, and a Mysterious Corinthian Girl." Harvard Theological Review 85 (1992): 35-49. Schoedel, William R. Athenagoras: Legatio and De Resurrectione. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972. Schwartz, Eduard. Athenagorae Libellus pro Christianis, Oratio de Resurrectione cadaverum. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1891. Vermander, Jeane-Marie. "Celse et l'attribution a Athà ©nagore d'un ouvrage sur la rà ©surrection des morts." Melanges de Science Religieuse 35 (1978): 125-134. Zeegers-Vander Vorst, Nicole. "La paternità © athà ©nagorienne du De rà ©surrection." Revue d'Histoire Ecclà ©siastique 87 (1992): 334-374.

Explore Stevensons presentation of evil in the novel ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ Essay

In Robert Louis Stevenson’s novel ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’, a respected doctor experiments with evil by drinking a potion to cast all of the good out of his body. This leads to many evil incidents taking place. Evil is causing pain or harm to others in a spiteful or malicious way. Victorian views of evil were closely related to religion and the way people looked. This was a safe and comforting opinion for the Victorians because they could imprison these people and could keep away from people that they thought were evil as it could be easily identified. Stevenson shows his view of evil using many different techniques mainly through characters but also through setting imagery and language. Stevenson was influenced by many different circumstances during his life. Stevenson’s childhood was a fearful one with a strict religious upbringing constantly focusing on Hell. He was very ill and therefore spent a lot of time in bed thinking about Hell. He was always alone and isolated as he was an only child so he could not discuss his feelings with anyone. This is closely linked to Jekyll not telling anyone about his double life and split personality. In university he led a double life, his life that his parents believed he led a strict and respected one compared to a hidden life of a poor, strange, evil boy. He was a lot like Edinburgh as it was in two parts. The old, dark, dangerous side and the modern, neat, respected side. This links with the novel because Jekyll is a neat and respected man whereas Hyde is an evil and dirty man. Two men called Burke and Hare influenced Stevenson. In the late 1820’s, they killed random people by smothering them and then gave the corpses the doctors at the university to publicly dissect and experiment on. They were given money for the corpses and the fresher the corpse the more money they received. Burke and Hare were later found out and publicly hung and dissected. Their skeletons were given to a museum and their skin was made into personal pocket books. This influenced Stevenson because people at this time were fascinated and Burke and Hare were like a real life Jekyll and Hyde character with a split personality. Darwin who introduced the theory of evolution also influenced him. This relates to the Hyde character that had not yet evolved from the ape like creature. After he had written the book Jack the Ripper helped its popularity because no one knew who he was and why he killed prostitutes in the brutal way he did. Many people thought his acts were evil and read the novel to try to find out why he was so wicked. Stevenson uses characters as his main presentation of evil. Jekyll and Hyde are the two major characters that show evil. Jekyll is shown as evil because he initially wants to change into Hyde and become purely evil. Also when he is Hyde he likes it ‘I felt younger, lighter, happier in body’ the list of three is very effective as they link and it gets better down the line. The use of ‘lighter’ shows us he has lost all his worries and has gained freedom and is therefore a lot happier. Jekyll gets very angry when Utterson asks him about Hyde ‘ this is a private matter and I beg of you to let it sleep’ this shows us he is deceitful and feels guilty as he does not want to talk about it. When Hyde does anything wrong Jekyll does not take any responsibility this is shown by the use of the pronoun ‘he’, ‘him’, or ‘his’. This shows us does not think of himself as evil because he is a respected doctor and everyone else thinks good of him. Stevenson describes Jekyll as ‘ a large, well-made, smoothed faced man of fifty, with something of a slyish cast’ this shows us that he is perceived as suspicious. Jekyll told himself that he would never turn into Hyde again but he kept Hyde’s house in Soho and all of his clothes. This proves that he was evil because he even lied to himself about what he would and would not do. Stevenson shows evil through Jekyll very effectively because people would worry that all doctors may be evil and he challenged Victorians beliefs. Hyde is the other major character that Stevenson shows evil through very effectively. One main incident where Hyde was evil was when he walked straight over a child. Stevenson wrote ‘ trampled calmly over the child’s body’ he used the word ‘calmly’, which shows Hyde has no emotion. ‘Trampled’ shows us he is fast, heavy footed and violent. The fact that it was a ‘child’ makes us very angry and sympathetic, as the girl is innocent, vulnerable and more delicate. Stevenson wrote ‘left her screaming on the ground’ this shows us that the girl was screaming in pain and he still did not care. The incident took place at ‘three o’clock of a black winter morning’ this makes it sound very eerie and makes us think that Hyde is being secretive because it is dark and any crimes he has committed can be hidden. The girl was described as ‘8 or 10 who was running as hard as she was able. This tells us that she was running to get some help for someone, as she was a nice caring person. This is a contrast to Hyde who is a horrible person out in the streets committing crimes. When a doctor came to see the child and asks what happened he ‘turns sick and white with a desire to kill him’ this shows us that the doctor was very angry as he wants to kill someone when his life ambition is to save peoples lives. Also doctors see horrible things every day but when Hyde tramples over a girl, it makes him ill. This is a contrast with Hyde who shows no emotion at all. Another example where Hyde was evil was his meeting with Utterson. Hyde ‘ shrank back with a hissing intake of breath’. ‘Shrank back’ shows us he is scared and does not want to talk to anyone. ‘Hissing’ compares him to an animal, which can be perceived as evil and again like an animal is warning Utterson to keep away. In addition, as Hyde is like an animal he has no conscience and is instinctive. After Utterson had commented on his bad language Hyde ‘snarled aloud into a savage laugh’. ‘laugh’ tells us he is rebellious and childlike. ‘savage’ shows us again that he is untamed and uncivilised. Much like an animal, he is unpredictable and worries the reader. ‘snarled’ again links to him being animal like and has not yet evolved from the ape like form. The last incident where Hyde is evil is the Carew murder. this is the most evil thing Hyde does because he brutally murders an innocent man. ‘Hailing down a storm of blows under which the bones where audibly shattered’ this tells us that he was hit with so much force that a woman in her house could hear each bone break. This was a very brutal murder a crime that was so evil that it makes Hyde even more so. The weather imagery is used to show power ‘hailing’. The ‘body jumped upon the railway’ this shows how much extreme force was used Hyde is again even more evil now as Carew was defenceless as he was dead and yet Hyde continued to beat him. The readers have sympathy for Carew ‘ aged and beautiful gentleman with white hair’ because Hyde killed a man that was so innocent unlike himself. Stevenson uses the two main characters Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde to show evil very effectively and in a clear way for the reader as Jekyll denies his involvement with Hyde and Hyde himself commits terrible crimes, is very rude, and has no conscience. Another way Stevenson shows us evil is through his minor characters. Firstly Lanyon who after being asked if he would like the watch the transformation replied ‘ I have gone to far in the way of inexplicable services to pause before I see the end’ . This shows us he was evil because he wanted to see that transformation and see what happens. Also, the use of ‘inexplicable services’ makes the reader wonder what other evil tasks he has taken part in. Utterson is also evil because he ‘sprang up and grew aspace curiosity to behold the features of the real Hyde’. ‘sprang up and grew’ shows us that his curiosity is uncontrollable. He is also interested in seeing what a real evil person may look like , he seemed too curious just to be concerned for a friend and just wants to find out about evil for himself. In addition, the police officer could be perceived as evil as he was more interested in the prospect of promotion than trying to help the community. ‘ The next moment his eye lighted up with professional ambition’ he does not care about anyone but himself. The use of ‘lighted up’ is imagery of a fire that is uncontrollable, like evil urges. The last evil minor character is the maid who cares for Hyde’s house in Soho she knows that something is not right but she does not tell anyone about her suspicion. ‘ as housekeeper a creature whom I well knew to be silent and unscrupulous’ this shows us evil in Jekyll because he wanted a housekeeper that was dishonest and unprincipled. ‘ she had an evil face , smoothed by hypocrisy’ this shows us she was hiding her evil side by the way she looked. ‘But her manners were excellent’ this shows us that Stevenson believed you could change the way you acted and looked to disguise evil. Stevenson used minor characters to portray his opinion that everyone had evil in them. He wanted to frighten the reader and challenge Victorian views. The setting is another way that Stevenson shows us evil. Many of the evil incidents that took place happened in dark of the night. This links to the secrecy of Hyde and how he does not want to communicate with anybody or be seen. There are two doors the one for Hyde to enter through and the one for Jekyll to enter through. The rear entrance was described as ‘ a blind forehead of discoloured wall on the upper the marks of prolonged and sordid negligence’ this is symbolism for Hyde as he does not look after himself or care what he looks like. ‘neither bell nor knocker’ tells us he does not want to communicate with anyone. Hyde’s entrance is at the back of the house because he must be hidden. ‘sinister block of a building’ is also symbolism as he is an evil man. Jekyll’s front entrance is described as an ‘ancient handsome house’ this symbolises Jekyll as he is a respected man in the community so has a house to represent h is. In conclusion, Stevenson presents his view of evil in many ways mainly through the major and minor characters but also through language setting and imagery. Stevenson has many messages about evil he believes that everyone has evil in them and if this evil is brought out and used more that good you will become evil forever this is shown through Jekyll when he starts to involuntarily change into Hyde. he is also criticising Victorian society and challenging Victorians perceptions, which oppresses evil. He takes out his anger on doctors because when he was younger he was very ill and doctors could not help him. Stevenson is very effective in showing his opinion because he uses very strong language and opinions which appealed to the Victorian society and for some people appeal to their evil side today. It is quite relevant to the current world because there are Jekyll and Hyde characters in modern day society for example Dr shipman who killed between fifty and sixty people even though he is a doctor and is meant to save people lives not end them.

Creativity and Innovation in Indian Banks

Topic: Innovative products by Indian organizations in the Banking Sector Akshita Shetty Student K J Somaiya Institute of management studies and research PGDM (RM) Roll no: 56 Email id:[email  protected] com Abstract During the past one decade, one of the sectors which underwent visible sea-change through innovative strategies is undoubtedly the banking sector. The sector has been growing at a fast pace in India and is challenged with several aspects like new regulations from time to time, changing customer needs and perceptions, changing technology and changing operations.Technology has been playing a crucial role in the tremendous improvement of banking services and operations. Indian banking industry has moved way ahead both in terms of offering value added services and delivering quality service. It was thought that the world financial crisis would impact the Indian banking sector in a serious manner. But, because of the strong foundations of Indian banking system with the suppo rt from well structured financial systems, the anticipated impact of the world crisis was almost insignificant. Instead, it helped the banks to get strengthened further and become closer to the customer with innovative approaches.Banks appear to be on the path of achieving sustainability and a long-term survival because of innovation. Keywords: Innovation in banking, technology in banking, changes in banking, transformation in banking, IT in banking, Indian banking. Introduction Technology has brought about a complete paradigm shift in the functioning of banks and delivery of banking services. Gone are the days when every banking transaction required a visit to the bank branch. Today, most of the transactions can be done from the comforts of one’s home and customers need not visit the bank branch for anything.Technology is no longer an enabler, but a business driver. The growth of the internet, mobiles and communication technology has added a different dimension to banking. T he information technology (IT) available today is being leveraged in customer acquisitions, driving automation and process efficiency, delivering ease and efficiency to customers. Many of the IT initiatives of banks started in the late 1990s or early 2000 with an emphasis on the adoption of core banking solutions (CBS), automation of branches and centralization of operations in the CBS.Over the last decade, most of the banks completed the transformation to technology-driven organizations. Moving from a manual, scale-constrained environment to a global presence with automated systems and processes, it is difficult to envisage the adverse scenario the sector was in the era before the reforms, when a simple deposit or withdrawal of cash would require a day. ATMs, mobile banking and online bill payments facilities to vendors and utility service providers have almost obviated the need for customers to visit a branch.Branches are also transforming from operating as transaction processing points into relationship management hubs. The change has been very productive for banks bringing in an increase in productivity and operational efficiency to be more competitive. Better risk management due to centralization of information and real time availability of critical data for decision making. With most of the banks being technology-enabled, the focus is shifting to computerizing regional rural banks (RRBs).In addition, banks are moving toward decision making and business intelligence software and trying to optimize the IT infrastructure created The banking system in India has created a niche for itself in the current competitive global arena where adoption of new and innovative technological developments carries the key to expansion of business and its future development. The Indian banking system has come a long way from being a player restricted to domestic boundaries to a leading giant in the world of financial services across the globe.Credit for this progress goes to a mix of factors like, the introduction of various economic reforms which gave a boost to the banking sector, adoption of new technology by banks in order to streamline their line of businesses and increasing profits by improving cost efficiency and offering doorstep banking convenience to their customers. Banking ‘Then' and ‘Now' Indian villages were deprived of various financial products like mutual funds, insurance and equity trading hitherto, which are now accessible through proxy banking in the form of Internet kiosks and ATMs.The alias given to banking which is not routed through branches is ‘Channel Migration'. Through this route, a bouquet of services is at the customers' disposal in today's banking system. This is possible because banking transactions are stored in a centrally located server with which all other branches of a bank are connected. The technological systems in India are considered far more advanced than those of Russian and Chinese banking sy stems but are lagging far behind the UK, USA and Singapore.Connectivity takes root Today almost all scheduled commercial banks are connected to all the branches on a real time basis extending the anywhere banking facility to the customers, which means that it is not necessary for a customer now to visit the branch personally in order to conduct transactions. Now a customer has various other options available with him like internet banking, mobile banking, ATMs (automated teller machines), phone banking which offers 24 X 7 banking, etc.Whenever and wherever a transaction is done in a bank account, the updated status is reflected in all the branches, thus making anywhere banking possible. ATMs have revolutionalized the banking sector by making cash and other banking services available to customers at all times. Future Outlook The future of Indian banking lies in increased investment in technology platforms and a greater focus on end-to-end solutions provided by IT majors like core ban king products, vertical specific CRM and risk management software. Body scopeInnovation by Indian banks in aspects such as: Service banking ATMS’s Net banking Mobile banking ECS/RTGS/NEFT Debit card/credit cards CRM (customer service) Case studies: (for example) South Indian Bank: The salary disbursement of corporates , firms and such others who maintain accounts with any of the 511 CBS branches would be managed by the Bank, hassle-free and free of any bank charges. The employer would be benefited in that the salary could be disbursed to any employees/any single employee who are/is working even in far-off places where SIB has no presence.Dr. V. A. Joseph ,Chairman & CEO of the Bank and Mr. M. P. Gopalakrishnan,President ,CMS Trust jointly launched the product . In his inaugural address Dr. Joseph said, †This convenience banking product, which is designed for the convenience of both employers and employees, leverages the bank's strong technology platform, which connects all the 511 branches and 26 extension counters of the Bank under Core Banking Solutions network offering anytime banking to its customers. GSSA can be opened with zero balance†.The Chairman and CEO of the Bank also stated, â€Å"South Indian Bank, being a customer – oriented Bank is striving hard to render personalized customer service using the latest technological capabilities. The technological capability of the Bank was recognised when the Bank could bag the banking technology excellence award from IDRBT which is the technical arm of RBI. The service quality of the Bank has also been recognized when the Bank was selected in the ‘Outlook Money – C Fore’ survey as the best private sector Bank in India in the service quality segment. . Dr. Joseph also referred to the facility recently started for online booking of offerings, free of bank charges , through South Indian Bank payment gateway-the first bank to go online booking -by the customers of the bank who are devotees of Guruvayur Sreekrishna Temple which is described as the Dwaraka of South India. This facility is being utilized by the NRIs also to effect offerings, hassle –free with greater transparency and security at the click of a button ,either for themselves or their aged parents resident in India.. South Indian Bank had completed on 26. 03. 07 the project ‘SIBertech’ by introducing a centralised Core Banking Solution in technology partnership with Infosys Technologies when many banks had not even started implementation of CBS . SIB, had started this project in 2001 to render personalized customer service. The new product now launched would confirm this belief†, the Chairman concluded his inaugural address.With the following carefully thought-out value additions of this innovative convenience banking product , banking for employers and their employees, is made extremely easy and comfortable: – * ;Free International ATM-cum-Debit Card for which annual maintenance charges are not collected * Online booking of offerings for Lord Sri Guruvayurappan, free of bank charges * O  Withdrawal of cash from the ATMs of other Banks free of bank charges (As charges would be borne by SIB) * O  Free utility payment and e-commerce services * ;No stipulation on minimum balance ;The depositor enjoying many freebies can earn the usual SB interest * ;The depositor can operate his SB account –during his travel/temporary transfer /transfer- hassle-free * ;The account can be closed /transferred to another branch with out any charge * ;Free of cost cheque leaves (subject to limits in each category ) * ;Free fund transfer facility through RTGS/NEFT/Fast Money /DD Customers of this feature-rich Savings Bank account are also provided with facilities to open Depository account and also enjoy mobile banking facility. Indian bank:Indian Bank has won the ‘Golden Peacock Innovative Products/Service Award' for 2011. The award was received by the bank's Chairman and Managing Director, Mr T. M. Bhasin, at the World Congress on Total Quality, held in Bengaluru on Saturday. The award was given to the bank â€Å"in recognition of its contribution to promotion of self help groups (SHGs)†. SHGs have turned out to be major vehicles of women empowerment. In the current year, Indian Bank has so far disbursed Rs 1,360 crore to 55,391 SHGs, taking the total exposure under the SHG portfolio to Rs 2,336 crore, benefiting 175,390 SHGs, says a press release from the bank.State Bank of India: State bank of India, the largest public sector bank in India, offers the following innovative services. 1. SMS Unhappy This innovative idea was initiated by Mr. Siva Kumar, Dy. Managing Director of SBI. Any customer who wants to lodge a complaint sends the message â€Å"Unhappy† to a specified number (8008202020). The Happy Room then calls the customer and records the details of the complaint. The complaint is then forwar ded. SBI has received thousands of such messages since its commencement and this service is a great success.Other banks have also started imitating this service. 2. Crorepati Only Branch SBI has launched first of its kind branch for High Networth Individuals (HNI) where it takes minimum Rs 1 crore to open an account, and that too on invitation only. This branch offers specialized banking facilities like relationship managers, 24/7 lockers, extended banking hours, doorstep pick-up and drop facilities, in addition to pampering customers five-star amenities at the branch. â€Å"We have opened as many as 50 accounts so far.We are confident of opening another 150 by the end of the current fiscal,† as per Mr. Shiva Kumar, Chief General Manager, SBI4. According to SBI, an attractive feature of the branch is 24 hour open lockers. The bank also is providing special dressing rooms for customers to cater to the needs of late night function goers segment. References -Y. Ramakrishna, Serv ice Innovation in Banks for Sustainability, IJMBS Vol. 2, Issue 2, April – June 2012 -Indian banking System: Epitome of continuous innovation, 2008. -Process innovation in the Indian banking industry, 2009 Indian Banking Sector: Challenges and Opportunities -Keertiman Sharma, Innovations in rural financial products and services, VOL. 2(1) – 2011: 35-37 -Outsourcing in the Indian banking sector: gaining momentum, 2008 -Innovation in retail banking -India PRWIRE, South Indian bank launches another innovative convenience product, 2008 -Vortex engineering, Solar power to enable banking and ATM facilities for rural india, 2011 -J U Ahmed, Services Rendered by Commercial Bank: A Customer Oriented empirical Evidence from State Bank of India, Vol. I No. – 2, Jan-2011 ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Service Innovation in Banks for Sustainability [ 2 ]. technology in banking: I nsight and foresight [ 3 ]. Indian banking system: epitome of continuous improvement [ 4 ]. Solar power to enable banking and ATM facilities for Rural  India [ 5 ]. Y. Ramakrishna, Service Innovation in Banks for Sustainability, IJMBS Vol. 2, Issue 2, April – June 2012

community policing1 essays

community policing1 essays American Me is a harsh look at the "reality" of prison and gang life, especially within the Chicano community. Based on a "true story", American Me traces the life of a Latino crime lord, Santana, from his youth growing up in the barrio of East Los Angeles, through his rise to power behind the walls of Folso Prison. Set against a backdrop of hopelessness and prejudice the movie brutally attempts to portray the continuing cycle of violence inherent within a crime-based life-style. In the end Santana is unable to escape that cycle, dying violently at the hands of his former gang members, while at the same time such violence is given rebirth within the barrio. Santana, played by Edward James Olmos is in prison and looking back at his life, his parent's life, and discovering what his life has become. In the first scene of act one, the viewer is taken back in time to the 1940's to a scene where Santana's parents were beaten and raped by sailors in the streets of Los Angeles, simply because they were "zoot suiters." In the mid-to-late 1950's, where the young Santana and his buddies J.D. and Mundo are introduced. The three young boys make a pact to stay together and be a part of the long tradition gang of their barrio called "La Primera." First, the three boys are sentenced to time in juvenile hall for breaking and entering into a store to escape being chased down by another barrio gang. In juvenile hall they begin feeling superior to other mates when Santana kills a cellmate who rapes him in the middle of the night. Everyone in the prison is proud of Santana and his group. Because of the "respect" that he has earned, Santana and his group begin to feel that they run the show around juvenile hall. Transferred from juvenile hall into Folsom Federal Prison. As Folsom Federal Prison is being shown on the screen, Santana's voice is narrating the movie and he states that drugs is the new way to prove who runs the show. La Primera discovere...

The Mousetrap by Agatha Christie Essay

The Mousetrap by Agatha Christie Essay The Aspect of Suspense Introduction In this thesis, I will discuss the significance of using suspense in mystery writing with regard to Christies play The Mousetrap where she uses suspense in the events of the play to make the fascinating. The paper will explain the effect of using these techniques of suspense in mystery writing. Suspense is when an individual experiences gratifying expectation and excitement regarding the outcome of a story. This is a state of becoming in doubt or uncertain with reference to a situation, which, can also appear to be mysterious. Suspense is necessary in writing mystery plays because it captures the audience’s interest and imagination. Discussion In literature suspense, the state where the reader or viewer having the details of the script they cannot exactly explain what will occur in the last part, but the story gives clues that something pleasant or terrible is going to happen. This is a literature style where the author wants the audience to predict what will occur in the context with the story. In the mousetrap, the setting is at an inn in the English countryside called Monkswell Manor, which recently opened by a hopeful couple Giles and Mollie Ralston. The author describes it as a cozy setting in the suburbs of London. The plot events of the play build suspense when there is an announcement of death of a woman called Mrs. Maureen Lyon on radio this makes the audience suspicious about who the murderers identity. Secondly, the situation where most of the guests of the inn including Giles the owner were wearing the same outfit described to be the murderers outfit, which brought suspense concerning the identity of the murderer amongst the guests. Suspense also concerns the disappearance of the two siblings abused by Mrs.Stanning. In addition, suspense created when one of the owners of the inn is wearing the same attire like the murderer hence a suspect, will they exchange anniversary presents or break up. The plays plot is full of suspense, most or the characters have what i can call masked they have different names, this gives the audience suspense in linking the past names of the characters and the new names they reveal as the interrogation continues. False information creates suspense because it gives details that need investigation, during investigation there is a creation of suspense the audience is wondering about the results of the investigation and wondering who could be the murderer amongst them. Information that is not true tend to create anxiety and imaginary clues about what will happen hence create suspense. False names, locations, and confessions, make the audience want to find the truth. False information creates turmoil, anger, and betrayal, crimes against characters and resentment that will create a basis for suspense. The audience will be alert, anxious, worried and guessing about what will occur the last part the play. Conclusion The above discussion clearly shows that the author utilized the aspect of suspense in different elements of literature. The main styles of suspense in the Mousetrap play include; romance, humorous and horrific which are extremely essential to bring out traits of a mystery play. Evidently, horrific suspense created when there is a murder in the beginning of the play and romance suspense, created when the owners of the inn and the residents of the English countryside suspect each other about the murder. Buy a custom essay on The Mousetrap online, at CustomWritings.com. Your essay will be written by professional academic writers.

African American Of The United States Essay -- African American, America

Some schools don’t accept black children and white child often bullied black children, so black children can’t get a equal treatment in school. In Unite States, some jobs not allow the black and only white, so black don’t have enough opportunities to work, and black often unemployment. Black often live a messy place, because white don’t want to rent the house to black ect. Review of American history, the United States since 1870, by the 15th amendment ( black won the right to vote ), up to now the black enter the presidential race for the first time and got elected and re-elected. ( democratic candidate black Obama became the first black President of the United States ), So American Negro suffrage cyclone have lit the African-American people unprecedented political enthusiasm. As we all know, the United States is an immigrant country, once was regarded as is the world 's ethnic melting pot. In nearly 30 years since the U.S. immigration policy unceasing change, the immigrant population has increased dramatically. The whites accounted for 72% of the U.S. population, blacks (13%), Hispanics (11%), Asia and the Pacific African people accounted for 4%. Changes in population structure, it is bound to the political, economic, and social and cultural impact, the impact in the new century, especially the new immigrants and the United States is traditionally the differences such as language, culture and the complexion that analysts have thinking: the United States will continue to be national melting pot? Or will become a "mosaic"? Although for this issue... ... middle of paper ... ... the university of Denver. In January 1989, has just turned 34, rice served as special assistant to President George w. bush 's national security affairs, started a career. As Russia expert in the bush administration, the rice was the top black women in the United States government. The presidential election in 2000, Condoleezza rice, as the republican candidate for President George w. bush 's chief foreign policy adviser, to advise the bush. Bush was elected President appointed rice President for national security affairs assistant. She has always been the President 's right-hand man. In January 2005, served as secretary of state, she is following the Clinton administration 's Madeleine Albright second female secretary of state in American history. The focus now is black senator Obama 's glorious struggle. In 1996, was elected Illinois senator, Obama and three-term.

Developing a support system to improve quality of life for erectile Research Paper

Developing a support system to improve quality of life for erectile dysfunction in prostatectomy - Research Paper Example The researcher states that one of the most inevitable aspects of the human life span is aging. What makes aging a great issue within the health community is that it brings with it numerous degenerative diseases and conditions. Some of these degenerative diseases include osteoarthritis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Huntington’s disease, heart diseases and numerous others. Sometimes, some degenerative diseases or conditions affect one gender more than the other. For example, females have to deal with menopause and all the complications such changes in the body bring about For males, one of the conditions most have to face is erectile dysfunction. Erectile dysfunction (ED) involves the inability to maintain, or even achieve, an erection that is adequate for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Although some temporary cases of erectile dysfunction have been documented in males, these can be attributed to factor s other than the degeneration of the human body. What is clinically relevant for healthcare providers as well as researchers is erectile dysfunction that involves a consistent failure to achieve and/or maintain erection which affects around half of all attempts at sexual intercourse. It is a common problem affecting men and thus impacting on the quality of life and their partners. This result into fear, loss of self esteem (self image), self confidence and depression. It has been estimated to affect more than 150 million men with only 20% of men seeking medical attention. (Aversa et al, 2004). In USA it affects between 20 to 30 million with risks of development being high with increasing age (Hellstrom et al, 2002). Numerous reasons have been provided for erectile dysfunction, including both psychological and physical factors. Psychological causes may involve stress, depression, relationship changes, low self-esteem, fatigue, performance anxiety, and numerous others (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2006). Although psychological causes are sometimes more common in temporary cases of erectile dysfunction, these factors can aggravate the dysfunction brought about by physical causes, especially among older males. On the other hand, physical reasons for erectile dysfunction include diminished testosterone levels, thyroid dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia, cardiovascular diseases, endocrine problems, and even the decrease in penile response to nitric oxide, the neurotransmitter responsible for the erection of the penis (LeMone, Burke, & Bauldoff, 2011). Another well-documented reason attributed to erectile dysfunction is prostatectomy. Prostatectomy involves the removal or resection of a portion of a prostate due to enlargement of the prostate or one of its lobes (Brunner, Smeltzer & Bare, 2010). Studies have established that one of the expected complications of prostatectomy, specifically radical prostatectomy, is erectile dysfunction. Such a complication is most attributed to the damage caused on nerves during the surgery involving the resection of the prostate. These damages can be attributed to actual physical trauma on the nerves involving penile erection, or to complications from the anesthetic used (Lewis, et al., 2011). Still, it must be acknowledged that almost all forms of prostatectomy, even those that aim to spare the nerves (i.e. laparoscopic and robot-assisted prostatectomy), lead to erectile dysfunction, although to varying degrees (Zippe, Nandipati, Agarwal, & Raina, 2006). Identifying problems The identified problems are lack of knowledge about the option treatments, emotional distress anxiety about performance, dissatisfaction, impaired self esteem which affect personal relationships, lack of support and understanding from other significant, spousal dissatisfaction and quality of life affected (Aversa et al, 200

Summary of Images of Women in Early Buddhism and Christian Gnosticism Essay

Summary of Images of Women in Early Buddhism and Christian Gnosticism - Essay Example 95 problem The main problem addressed by the paper is: the paper seeks to obtain reasons why these negative attitudes towards women exist while it is known that they take an active role in their religious lives. This paragraph is important since it tries to show that women also take an active role in religious activities regardless of the perceptions held by men about them. Research question Why should these negative attitudes towards women persist when we know that women actively supported and participated in the religious life of both Buddhist and Gnostic communities? This is essential since it shows that the author has a point to advance to the readers as well as to get the answers why women are treated that way. Paragraph 3, p. 95 Both scriptures show that women are capable of seducing men to engage in sexual intercourse. This paragraph seeks to support the argument raised by the author that women are evil people. Paragraph 1, p.96 thesis -Both religions assume the wrong doing of women disrupted an otherwise perfect world. This thesis statement seeks to show that the author is of the view that women are responsible for human kind’s disgrace on earth. Paragraph 2, p.96 claims -The Buddhist myth posits to the effect that men’s disgrace came after he tasted food from the earth -this mainly contributed to the fall of humanity. This paragraph is very important since it highlights the source of sin among human kind. Paragraph 3, p. 96 evidence -The Christians on the other hand also attribute this myth of women’s evilness to the issue of Adam and Eve who tasted the forbidden fruit in Eden which led to sexual intercourse. -this paragraph is also important since it tries to show the evidence to prove that women were the causes of sin on earth Paragraph 1, p. 97 (Note- starts with this sentence: Other tractates, The Book of Thomas .... Eating the forbidden fruit led to the fall of humankind as shown by the actions of Eve. This section also seeks to advance the author’s argument with regards to perceptions held by men about women. Paragraph 2, p.97 evidence continues Both religions attribute the fallout of men to the deliberate act of consuming the earthly fruits that were not allowed by God. This led to sexual desire which could be satisfied through sexual intercourse. This paragraph again supports the thesis of the paper. Paragraph 3, p. 97 The Buddhists view the body of a woman as a symbol for desire and the Christian writings which also have same views for women. This paragraph is meant to support the view being presented by the author. Paragraph 1, p. 98 (note, it begins with this sentence ‘These intemperate attacks on the impurity of women's bodies and sexual...’ Womanisers are just like dogs. This paragraph is important since it helps to show that women play a major role in seducing men. Paragraph 2 p.98 Sexual intercourse is related to child bearing it is viewed as an impediment to full participat ion in religious lives. Men are encouraged to live solitary lives as an example shown by Buddha himself. This paragraph supports the thesis. Paragraph 3 p. 98 claims Christian doctrine also has negative attitude towards sexual intercourse and child bearing. These are related to suffering and Jesus even pointed out that people should destroy the works of femaleness. -both religions share the same view against sexual intercourse which leads to child birth. This is very important in the paper since the author tries to elaborate the

The Joy Luck Club Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Joy Luck Club - Essay Example There is at the most only one Asian actor out of ten. And the Asian cast barely gets the top part. Unless he is Jackie Chan, he'd probably get only minor roles. In my opinion, this should change. You don't need an Asian related plot in the story to cast Asians. There are plenty American citizens who have Asian origin. They are what you can call "All American" already. Mainstream Hollywood films and TV shows often contain a stereotype Asian: geeky, foreign, martial arts expert, domestic or someone who barely speaks English. Take for example the TV series Heroes in NBC. It's about individuals having extraordinary powers, trying to save the world. The plot is very culture neutral. But take a look at the character Hiro Nakamura. He's Japanese and he has the power to stop time. Notice that he has glasses, looks harmless and a little geeky. In Grey's Anatomy - ABC's TV series about doctors, Cristina Yang is perhaps the only Asian woman in the series. She is hardworking and very driven. Again, like Hiro Nakamura, she is bordering on being geeky. The movies are no better. In Charlie's Angels, Alex Munday - played by Lucy Lui, was the intellectual 'techy' geek. It doesn't matter that she looks gorgeous. She's an Asian woman, she has to be good with computers. In Two Weeks Notice, George Wade - played by Hugh Grant comments on how the good the maid looks that day. He tells her that she looks like a "young Imelda Marcos". The maid is obviously Asian. In The Nanny Diaries, one of the nannies is also Asian. Therefore, aside from being intelligent and geeky, Asians are also portrayed as domestics. So how is it possible that Hollywood can make one movie brilliantly correct about Asian culture and make a thousand others that utterly misperceive the same Asian culture In my opinion, it's because of lack of thought. You see, these stereotypes did not come out of thin air. In a way, they have factual basis. There are Asians who work very well with computers and Asians who are into martial arts or are domestics. And we cannot deny that there are Asian tourists who cannot speak English very well. It's true that not all Asians are like that, but they are the ones that stand out. They stand out because their different. Their image sticks to you. Of course there are also Asians who have been living all their life in America. Who are American citizens and speak English like everyone else. They have embraced the American culture. And it's even possible that they have never actually set foot in Asia or any place outside America. They could be doctors, lawyers, teachers, writers, you name it. They are as normal as your average Joe. But we don't notice them because they are just like everyone else. Instead, we remember the geek, the nanny and the tourists. In my opinion, this is how the stereotype began in the first place. And Hollywood just didn't take the time to change that. Therefore, even if they make one or two brilliant film about Asian culture, because of lack of awareness and thought, they carelessly continue to stereotype Asians in the rest of the films they make. The Joy Luck Club did not break stereotype People may say that Hollywood succeeded in breaking the stereotype. I do not agree. The success of Hollywood in portraying Asians a little bit more accurately in the movie The Joy Luck Club is because of two things. First, this movie was an adaptation of the book: The Joy Luck

Cars body parts Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Cars body parts - Research Proposal Example Diesel or gasoline†¦ all are questions which deserve answers if you are looking for your best and most cost-efficient solution (Brain). The biggest questions to answer are the choice of gasoline or diesel engines. The former can be less expensive to buy, but poorer fuel economy can result in higher costs and even a lower resale value. Diesel engines once had a reputation as being smelly, noisy and having poor performance. Recent improvements in diesel engine technology, including high-pressure ‘common rail’ techniques, have improved all of these former drawbacks, and made diesels both more efficient and more powerful than similar-sized gasoline engines. The issue with diesel engines is that they can be more expensive than gasoline engines. A car buyer must therefore ask himself â€Å"am I going to drive a lot or a little with this car?† Drive a lot, and a diesel’s extra expense could be offset by lower fuel costs. You probably know that the power train is everything that transmits power to the driving wheels. The engine is part of the power train—that’s where the power originates. But before the power gets to the wheels, it must be geared down to apply that power: that’s where the gearbox, or transmission, come into play. The transmission takes the spinning mass powered by the engine and converts it to useful energy at a useful speed (PowerTrains). If you are stopped at an intersection, for example, the power train allows the engine to continue running despite the fact that your car is not moving. As soon as the light turns green and you step off the brake, the automatic transmission chooses first gear and allows you to move smoothly away from the intersection. As you increase your speed, the automatic transmission selects a higher gear—both to improve fuel economy and to keep the engine from over revving. When you finally reach highway speeds, the

Drop in customer and target market for a beverage operation Assignment

Drop in customer and target market for a beverage operation - Assignment Example In this paper I will be using drop-in-customer as my customer type and analysing the target market in relation to selection of location for a beverage operation. Energy boosting beverages are largely consumed by sports persons such as athletes. However, the market for these beverages has grown and expanded beyond sports persons to attract non-traditional drinkers. Teenagers, college students and young adults in the ages of 18 to 34 account for majority of energy drink consumption today. This is particularly because of this population’s active lifestyle. Furthermore advertisements for such products appeal to this generation more as compared to older persons. Research has shown that 34% of persons between the ages of 18 and 24 take energy drinks regularly (O’Brien et al, 2008). Also half of all college students consume a drink at least every month regardless of their gender. Most drop-in-customers for beverages are therefore below the age of 34 years of age, are active and therefore will take an energy drink especially on a tiresome day (Heckman, Sherry and Gonzalez, 2010). Sports persons also actively consumer energy drinks. This target market many not have lots of money to spend but regularly need the drinks and will therefore often purchase a drink. The young adults on the other hand are mostly in their first jobs and therefore have some funds to spend on drinks. Marketing and advertisement messages should therefore communicate the benefits of the drinks and at the same time appeal in terms of price (Miller, 2008). Location for beverage operations is also an important element of marketing considering the demographics of the target market. The on-the-go life style of the target market for instance requires that operations are located in strategic places such as supermarkets, college canteens and central places on streets. Design of the retail outlets should also take in account the fact that these

The Joy Luck Club Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Joy Luck Club - Essay Example There is at the most only one Asian actor out of ten. And the Asian cast barely gets the top part. Unless he is Jackie Chan, he'd probably get only minor roles. In my opinion, this should change. You don't need an Asian related plot in the story to cast Asians. There are plenty American citizens who have Asian origin. They are what you can call "All American" already. Mainstream Hollywood films and TV shows often contain a stereotype Asian: geeky, foreign, martial arts expert, domestic or someone who barely speaks English. Take for example the TV series Heroes in NBC. It's about individuals having extraordinary powers, trying to save the world. The plot is very culture neutral. But take a look at the character Hiro Nakamura. He's Japanese and he has the power to stop time. Notice that he has glasses, looks harmless and a little geeky. In Grey's Anatomy - ABC's TV series about doctors, Cristina Yang is perhaps the only Asian woman in the series. She is hardworking and very driven. Again, like Hiro Nakamura, she is bordering on being geeky. The movies are no better. In Charlie's Angels, Alex Munday - played by Lucy Lui, was the intellectual 'techy' geek. It doesn't matter that she looks gorgeous. She's an Asian woman, she has to be good with computers. In Two Weeks Notice, George Wade - played by Hugh Grant comments on how the good the maid looks that day. He tells her that she looks like a "young Imelda Marcos". The maid is obviously Asian. In The Nanny Diaries, one of the nannies is also Asian. Therefore, aside from being intelligent and geeky, Asians are also portrayed as domestics. So how is it possible that Hollywood can make one movie brilliantly correct about Asian culture and make a thousand others that utterly misperceive the same Asian culture In my opinion, it's because of lack of thought. You see, these stereotypes did not come out of thin air. In a way, they have factual basis. There are Asians who work very well with computers and Asians who are into martial arts or are domestics. And we cannot deny that there are Asian tourists who cannot speak English very well. It's true that not all Asians are like that, but they are the ones that stand out. They stand out because their different. Their image sticks to you. Of course there are also Asians who have been living all their life in America. Who are American citizens and speak English like everyone else. They have embraced the American culture. And it's even possible that they have never actually set foot in Asia or any place outside America. They could be doctors, lawyers, teachers, writers, you name it. They are as normal as your average Joe. But we don't notice them because they are just like everyone else. Instead, we remember the geek, the nanny and the tourists. In my opinion, this is how the stereotype began in the first place. And Hollywood just didn't take the time to change that. Therefore, even if they make one or two brilliant film about Asian culture, because of lack of awareness and thought, they carelessly continue to stereotype Asians in the rest of the films they make. The Joy Luck Club did not break stereotype People may say that Hollywood succeeded in breaking the stereotype. I do not agree. The success of Hollywood in portraying Asians a little bit more accurately in the movie The Joy Luck Club is because of two things. First, this movie was an adaptation of the book: The Joy Luck

Drop in customer and target market for a beverage operation Assignment

Drop in customer and target market for a beverage operation - Assignment Example In this paper I will be using drop-in-customer as my customer type and analysing the target market in relation to selection of location for a beverage operation. Energy boosting beverages are largely consumed by sports persons such as athletes. However, the market for these beverages has grown and expanded beyond sports persons to attract non-traditional drinkers. Teenagers, college students and young adults in the ages of 18 to 34 account for majority of energy drink consumption today. This is particularly because of this population’s active lifestyle. Furthermore advertisements for such products appeal to this generation more as compared to older persons. Research has shown that 34% of persons between the ages of 18 and 24 take energy drinks regularly (O’Brien et al, 2008). Also half of all college students consume a drink at least every month regardless of their gender. Most drop-in-customers for beverages are therefore below the age of 34 years of age, are active and therefore will take an energy drink especially on a tiresome day (Heckman, Sherry and Gonzalez, 2010). Sports persons also actively consumer energy drinks. This target market many not have lots of money to spend but regularly need the drinks and will therefore often purchase a drink. The young adults on the other hand are mostly in their first jobs and therefore have some funds to spend on drinks. Marketing and advertisement messages should therefore communicate the benefits of the drinks and at the same time appeal in terms of price (Miller, 2008). Location for beverage operations is also an important element of marketing considering the demographics of the target market. The on-the-go life style of the target market for instance requires that operations are located in strategic places such as supermarkets, college canteens and central places on streets. Design of the retail outlets should also take in account the fact that these

News As a Show Essay Example for Free

News As a Show Essay The mass media have provoked an important change in the way to inform. According to Jose Alberto Garcia Aviles (2003) www.boletinbit.tv/noticias/archivo/bit44_infotainment.htm the mix of information and entertainment is not a new phenomenon, it is known with the name of infotainment. The problem of this is that the majority of the news have become in a show. The main consequence of infotainment is that the information becomes in a business, where the citizens are the consumers. The Companies of Audiovisual information observes the target. Its objective is get much more audience to obtain much more money and to have less competence. My hypothesis about the news as a show is focused in catastrophes, accidents or personal tragedies inside TV, since these are the clearest example to know why nowadays the news are treated as a show. According to C.A.C (Audiovisual Council of Catalunya) www.audisualcat.net the news about catastrophes, accidents or personal tragedies provokes an emotional alteration towards people and the journalists. This kind of news creates public interest by means of solidarity and pain or morbid curiosity. The people have the need to know what has happened because they have a proximity feeling, of this way the Audiovisual Companies create a demand of information. The journalists and the Audiovisual Companies have the power of information. They have a big responsibility about this topic because they are who decide: to present a straight report on the events of the day or to broadcast the news as a show. To obtain more audience, they broadcast morbid images about catastrophes because they have much more impact in the persons. There are a connection between the morbid images and the proximity of people. If they emit these images, they get much more audience, as soon as it is a strategy of market because it is a way to compete with the others TV channels. My hypothesis studies the responsibility that the journalists and the audiovisual Companies have when they inform about tragic events. The problem is that while ones have right to inform and to be informed, others have right to hide its intimacy. The journalists and the Audiovisual Companies have to know the allowed limit to record a tragic event. They must minimize the effects of disaster and they must have conscience about the repercussion of its activity. REPERCUSSION The image is more impact than the voice. For this reason, the broadcasted news through TV affects much more to people. The journalists responsibility in TV is bigger than in others mass media; because a shocking image is very difficult forget it. The problem is that these images can be harmful to the victims, family, citizen, etc. If the broadcasted image is very morbid, provably it will have a seriously repercussion toward the family. Example: a morbid image of a boy hurt seriously in a war. Is very different to know that this boy has died, than see him to die. The family must be informed but it doesnt deserve more pain. SOLUTIONS The journalists and Audiovisual Companies must find the balance between right to inform and right to the intimacy when they emit information and images about catastrophes, accidents or personal tragedies. According to C.A.C (Audiovisual Council of Catalunya) www.audisualcat.net the journalists have the obligation to inform to people about their right to the intimacy. Sometimes the people dont know it and the journalists make the most of them. Others times the Authorities, who should inform, dont do it, therefore the journalists look for victims and affected people to cover the news. Informing about this topic is not easy, for that reason the Audiovisual Companies should help and give to the journalists, moral support to guarantee good information. Another possible solution could be dont emit information constantly because it can increase the tragic effects. As well, they should shun the repeated use of the same images and the information that doesnt contribute anything new. The journalists also should avoid the zooms, close-up, etc. because it implies much more to the people. The lexical used in the news is very important. They shouldnt use adjectives, common places. of a dramatic manner because it can frighten to the people. The broadcast of images reflecting hunger, pain, bitterness, poverty, etc. can provoke moral damages. Violent images EFFECTS AND CONSEQUENCES The most dominant mass media is the TV. The image is an important factor inside TV because a bad use of this can cause a lot of consequences. When the journalists inform about tragedies, many times broadcast very violent images. According to Potter (1999), this can provoke immediate effects or long-term effects: IMMEDIATE EFFECTS 1. DISINHIBITION: it is a behavioural effect (Potter, 1999). This effect is related with justification of violence. Potter et al. (1999, p.90) notes that: Retaliatory motives, such as revenge, appear to be the strongest in leading to disinhibition. The causal path may go from motives to justification to disinhibition. That is, when a motive legitimates the violence, that violence is regarded as justified, and viewers are more likely to exhibit a disinhibition effect. One of the most important features of the news is the objectivity. Its not the same to explain news from the point of view of society than from the perpetrator. The National Television Study, (in Potter, 1999) say that: Much of the violence is justified. It is because sometimes the violent news is broadcasted from the point of view of the perpetrator. Potter and Ware, 1987 (in Potter, 1999) affirm that: The amount of justification changes depending on the perspective from which it is judged. Potter and Ware (1987) found that 93% of violent instances were justified from the perspective of the perpetrator, not by society. Therefore, the point of view can determine the opinion of people. When the tragedies are justified, provoke to people a feeling of disinhibition because they can get to understand the perpetrator attitude. 2. FEAR: it is an emotional effect (Potter, 1999). The violent images can alter the life behaviour of people because this can create fear. The fear can cause a mental disorder and it can have serious consequences. The people live scared, thinking that they could be the next victims. 3. DESENSITIZATION: every day appears much more violence in the news. As a consequence, people get into the habit to see violent images. This habit provokes a lack of sensibility. People lose sensibility towards violent images. LONG-TERM EFFECTS 1. AGGRESSIVENESS: it is a behavioural effect (Potter, 1999). Potter et al. (1999, p.42) notes that: Exposure to violent portrayals in the media increases subsequent viewer aggression. The violence, doesnt affect of the same way to all people. It depends on the persons, family, background social, etc. There are people who are more sensitive towards violence and they can imitate it. The TV is a powerful mass media and it not only entertain also teaches us. The violent images of the TV can transmit aggressiveness to the people; even people can learn to behave aggressively (Potter, 1999). THE PRIMARY EFFECTS *According to Liebert an Schwartzberg, 1977 (in Potter, 1999) the direct imitation and disinhibition are primary effects. *According to The National Television Violence Study, 1997-1998 (in Potter, 1999) learning, desentization and fear also are primary effects. Violent images SITUATION IN ENGLAND AND OTHER COUNTRIES Many studies show that in the whole world there is a high index of violence in the television, and it is exposed of an antisocial manner (Potter, 1999). Potter et al. (1999, p.56) notes that: The United States leads the world in the prevalence of violence on television. Violence is less prevalent on TV in countries other than the United States. William, 1982 (in Potter, 1999) found: 18.5 acts of aggression per hour in North American Television. Furthermore the aggressive scenes were longer (Potter, 1999). Great Britain has a lot of violence in the news. According to Broadcasting Standards Council, 1993 (in Potter, 1999) The highest rate was found on national news (7,5 scenes per hour). According to Kapoor, 1994 (in Potter, 1999) Korea has very few violence compare to other countries since in general it has less than 8%. By other hand, according to Mustonen and Pulkkinen, 1993 (in Potter, 1999) Finland has the rate highest of violence in cartoons. It is because the majority of imported programs come of North America (Potter, 1999). Mustonen and Pulkkinen, 1993 (in Potter, 1999) say that: They attributed much of the aggression to importation from other countries According to Goonasekera Lock, 1990 (in Potter, 1999) in Asia, although there is less violence in the TV, it is much more blood and gloried. In Japan, the rate of violence is very similar to the American ones (Potter, 1999). Iwao, de Sola Pool, Hagiwara, 1981b (in Potter, 1982) think that: In Japan, 2.3 min/hr were violent, compared with 2.4 in the United States. In this country there are much more verbal violence than physical violence. Normally, the physical scenes of violence show persons suffering. Japan, has the highest rate of violence in cartoons: 14.3 scenes per hour (Potter, 1999). According to C.A.C (Audiovisual Council of Catalunya) www.audisualcat.net , in a Barcelona (Spain) local TV called BTV, the dominant topic inside news are the aggressions. This graph above shows the time for each new shown on TV. Violent images OPINIONS According to Lorry, 1997 (in Potter, 1999) a recent poll about the violence on TV shows that 70% of public opinion thinks that occasionally the violence on TV provokes people an aggressive behaviour. A U.S. News World Report (in Potter, 1999) poll found that: 92% of Americans think that the television contributes to violence in U.S. Bybee, Robinson, Turow, 1982 (in Potter, 1999) notes that: According to a poll of 500 college-level teachers and communication scholars, 66% believed that exposure to television increases aggressive behaviour. CONCLUSION According to CAC (Audiovisual Council of Catalunya) www.audisualcat.net, the professionals of the information have not a lot of references, which force them to adopt a critic attitude of their activity. Therefore the journalists responsibility is larger because they are who decide to broadcast the news as a show. The 11th and 12th of December, 2000 I went to a conference about informative treatment of personal tragedies that took place inside C.A.C (Audiovisual Council of Catalunya). In this conference, many important people talked about the journalists responsibility, right to inform, right to intimacy, repercussion, effects, consequences, etc. During two days they talked about a personal tragedy: 28 children died as a consequence of an accident between a truck and a bus in Soria (Spain). The 30th of March 2002 two trains crash face to face in Torredembarra (Spain). When that news was reported, every channel offered different information about the catastrophe. For example: while ones reported that there were 3 dead and 60 injured, others stated that there werent any dead and the injured were just 51. The journalists must assume the difficulty of their work. They have so much responsibility that they cant commit this kind of mistakes because the consequences can be huge. According to the law, the intimacy is a right. Although the journalists and the Audiovisual Companies know it, most of them dont respect it. The main problem is that although the affected people sue them, the problem doesnt disappear. The Audiovisual Companies think: if the affected people sue us, we would lose 70 millions. Ok! We will get 90 millions if we broadcast the violent images, therefore its better for us! Then my question is: what should a mother do if she sees how journalists record her dead son and she knows that although she can sue them, they will continue getting money thanks to it? BIBLIOGRAFY WEBS RESOURCES www.audiovisualcat.net/ http://www.boletinbit.tv/noticias/archivo/bit44_infotainment.htm BOOKS Potter, W. J. (1999) On Media Violence. United States: Sage Publications, Inc. JUDITH NAVARRO J0274939 BROADCAST JOURNALISM PHILIP CROOKES 9TH OF DECEMBER